Neuroscientific researches explaining the effectiveness of psychotherapy went in three directions. The first, basing on a theory of memory explicit (declarative memory, consciousness) and implicit (non-declarative memory, unconsciousness) aims at the reinterpretation of the mechanisms of psychotherapy. This method is useful in analyzing effects of cognitive psychotherapy but also psychoanalytic orientated psychotherapy which is basing on interpretations and insight. The second current in such research is connected with the possibility neuroimaging gives to evaluate changes occurring in the course of therapy. According to this method it is possible to show biological mechanisms of therapeutic alliance or reduction of basic fear. The third and last direction investigates changes in metabolism of neural cells in the brain under the influence of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Results of these investigations are particularly interesting showing more specifically changes in the course of psychotherapy rather than pharmacotherapy of depressive disorder. Most of the investigations concern depressive or obsessive compulsive disorder because of a high homogeneity of these disorders. In schizophrenia, which in contradistinction to them is quite a heterogeneous one, it is difficult to construct a useful scientific design. But the possibility which neuroscience offers to explain the effects of psychotherapy is still nonetheless present.